Acute Myocardial Infarction: Understanding Heart Attack Symptoms and Prevention Strategies

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood flow to a portion of the heart is suddenly blocked, causing damage or death to the heart muscle. This blockage is usually due to plaque buildup in the coronary arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. The heart muscle, deprived of oxygen, becomes damaged, and this can be life-threatening without immediate medical intervention.

How Does AMI Occur?

Dr. Manjinder Singh Sandhu, Principal Director of Cardiology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, states that AMI typically results from rupturing a plaque deposit in the arteries. Plaque consists of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot forms around it, which can completely block blood flow. In some cases, a spasm in a coronary artery may also lead to a heart attack, though this is less common.

Key Symptoms

• Chest pain or discomfort: Often feels like pressure, tightness, or squeezing in the chest and may radiate to the arms, shoulders, neck, or back.
• Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, even when at rest.
• Nausea, sweating, or light-headedness: Some experience nausea, dizziness, or cold sweats.

It’s crucial to note that symptoms can vary; women may experience more subtle signs like jaw pain or fatigue without the classic chest pain.

Risk Factors

• High blood pressure: Damages artery walls, increasing plaque accumulation risk.
• High cholesterol: Elevated LDL levels contribute to plaque development and arterial narrowing.
• Smoking: Accelerates atherosclerosis and heightens AMI risk significantly.
• Diabetes: Excessive blood sugar damages blood vessels, raising AMI vulnerability.
• Genetic predisposition: Family history of heart disease can increase susceptibility.

Heart Attack Prevention

Preventing AMI involves adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, advises Dr. Sandhu. A balanced diet abundant in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, combined with regular exercise, supports optimal weight, lowers blood pressure, and improves cholesterol levels. Cessation of smoking is crucial, as is effective stress management, since chronic stress can trigger hypertension. Individuals with a family history of heart disease or predisposing conditions such as hypertension or diabetes should have regular check-ups with medical professionals for early diagnosis and management.